• Beaker and Erlenmeyer flask
• Buret
• Eyedropper and Micropipet
• Graduated Cylinder
• Volumetric Pipet
• Graduated Pipet
• Volumetric Flask

• These are designed to hold solutions and not for making accurate measurements: the accuracy is usually only ±10%.

• Beakers and flasks can be used for approximating volumes when accuracy is not required.

• Burets are designed to deliver a variable amount of solution to the nearest 0.01 mL when used properly.
• Before use, a buret should be rinsed with some of the solution that will fill it. After filling the buret, run some solution through the stopcock until all air is removed. there should be no drops of solution on the tip at the strat or at the end of the measurement.
• In order to read the meniscus more easily, draw a straight, dark line on a white paper paper and place it behind the buret with the black line behind the meniscus.

• These are small glass tubes designed to deliver very small volume of solutions. They come with detachable rubber bulbs.

• They can be used to make volumetric measurement by counting the number of drops required to deliver a specific volume. An eyedropper normally has a drop volume of about 0.05 mL. a micropipet has a normal drop volume of about 0.03 mL.

• A graduated cylinder is a glass cylinder with calibrated volume marking on the side and it is designed to measure the volume of liquid contained.

• The accuracy depends on its size, but for small graduated cylinder is usually 0.1 mL.

• A volumetric pipet is a glass tube used to accurateley deliver specific volumes.
• There are two types of volumetric pipet:

  • TD Pipet: if the pipet has a small TD printed on it or if there is no marking, it is designed "to deliver" the specified volume and the small amount of solution at the bottom of the pipet should remain in the pipet.
  • TC Pipet: If the pipet has a small TC printed on it, it is designed "to contain" the specified volume and, therefore, the small amount of solution at the bottom of the pipet has to be drained away

• A Graduated Pipet is a glass tube with a series of volume markings.
• Solution is drawn up into the pipet with a rubber bulb. Then the bulb is removed and the end coverd with a finger. By rolling the finger, solution is allowed to drained away.
• This kind of pipet will always have some solution remaining after use.

  Volumetric pipets are designed to deliver solutions to the nearest 0.01 mL.

• This flask has one mark on its neck. When filled to the mark, the flask contains its design volume to the nearest 0.01 mL.

• This is the most accurate volumetric measuring device presented here.

The Vertical Integration Project
Chemical Education Committee
Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona

Site Design and Development

Funding and Support
New Learning Environments Initiative, University of Arizona
Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation
Learner Centered Education Grant, Arizona Board of Regents
Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona

ChemThreads

ChemThreads is an educational tool designed to help students integrate their chemistry knowledge. The website is organized around six main threads: chemical analysis, chemical synthesis, chemical classifications, chemical architecture, chemical dynamics, and chemical reactivity. These thematic units have been chosen to organize the material around what we see as "big ideas" in chemistry.

Each of the threads is composed of a set of interconnected modules that address central concepts in the discipline. Within a module, you have access to: basic information on the module's topic, exploratory activities designed to foster your understanding of central ideas, a review quiz, concept maps to help you integrate your knowledge, useful simulations and other visualization tools, and links to related modules. Additionally, some modules allow you to access the module's content based on your level of understanding, from freshman to senior, helping you build connections between what you are currently learning in your chemistry classes and the ideas discussed in previous and future courses.

Chemthreads also offers a variety of resources that can help instructors implement interactive activities and group and individual projects in their courses (tools link).

Main Portal

Through the main portal you have access to each of the six threads, and also a direct link to: the set of visualization tools available in ChemThreads, support material for chemistry courses, and the general index, You will also find ways to access "featured topics" in the website (check what's new).

ChemThread's Modules

Chemthreads is organized in a series of inteconnected modules. Each module contains basic information for a given topic and most modules include a set of learning activities (review quizzes, explorations, applications).

There are several ways to navigate between different modules: highlighted text, nodes in a concept map, and the menus for related links and associated academic levels.